Official name	Lima
Native name
Nickname	City of Kings
Settlement type
Motto	Hoc signum vere regum est
Flag size	120px
Image seal	Coat of arms of Lima.svg
Seal size	75px
Map caption	Lima Province and Lima within Peru
Coordinates region	PE
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	Peru
Subdivision type1	Region
Subdivision name1	Lima Region
Subdivision type2	Province
Subdivision name2	Lima Province
Subdivision type3	Districts
Subdivision name3	43 districts
Government type	Mayor–council government
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Susana Villarán
Established date	January 18, 1536
Established title2
Established title3
Established date3
Area magnitude	1 E8
Unit pref
Area total km2	2672.3
Area land km2
Area urban km2	800
Area metro km2	2819.3
Area blank1 sq mi
Elevation footnotes
Elevation m	0–1548 |elevation_m 0–1548
Elevation ft	0–5079
Population as of	2007
Population total	7605742
Population density km2	2846.1
Population metro	8472935
Population density metro km2	3008.7
Population blank1 title	Demonym
Population blank1	Limean ()
Population density blank1 sq mi
Timezone	PET
Utc offset	-5
Latns	S
Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
Longew	W
Coordinates display	8
Postal code type
Website	www.munlima.gob.pe
Footnotes	}}

Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population fast approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international rankings.

Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.

Lima is home to the oldest higher learning institution in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.

Etymology

According to early Spanish chronicles the Lima area was once called ''Itchyma'', after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac valley had come to be known by visitors as ''limaq'' (limaq, pronounced , which means "talker" in coastal Quechua). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted in the local language, thus the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.

Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of the Kings () because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany. Nevertheless, this name quickly fell into disuse and ''Lima'' became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both ''Lima'' and ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' can be seen together as names for the city.

It is worth noting that the river that feeds Lima is called ''Rímac'', and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua where the word for "talker" was pronounced ). However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not the Incas, and this name is actually an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua. Later, as the original inhabitants of the valley died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. In modern times, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.

History

In the pre-Columbian era, the location of what is now the city of Lima was inhabited by several Amerindian groups under the Ychsma polity, which was incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 15th century. In 1532, a group of Spanish ''conquistadors'' led by Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and took over his Empire. As the Spanish Crown had named Pizarro governor of the lands he conquered, he chose the Rímac valley to found his capital on January 18, 1535 as ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' (City of the Kings). In August 1536, rebel Inca troops led by Manco Inca besieged the city but were defeated by the Spaniards and their native allies.

Lima gained prestige after being designated capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a ''Real Audiencia'' in 1543. During the next century it flourished as the centre of an extensive trade network which integrated the Viceroyalty with the rest of the Americas, Europe and the Far East. However, the city was not free from dangers; the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean lead to the building of the Lima City Walls between 1684 and 1687. Also in this last year a powerful earthquake destroyed most of the city buildings; the earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima as it coincided with a recession in trade and growing economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires.

In 1746, a powerful earthquake severely damaged Lima and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco. In the later half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas on public health and social control shaped the development of the city. During this period, Lima was adversely affected by the Bourbon Reforms as it lost its monopoly on overseas trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru. The city's economic decline made its elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus, reluctant to advocate independence.

A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean patriots under General José de San Martín managed to land south of Lima in 1820 but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and the action of guerrillas on land, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate its capital on July 1821 to save the Royalist army. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking any means to impose order, the city council invited San Martín to enter Lima and signed a Declaration of Independence at his request. However, the war was not over; in the next two years the city changed hands several times and suffered exactions from both sides.

After independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru but economic stagnation and political turmoil brought urban development to a halt. This hiatus ended in the 1850s, when increased public and private revenues from guano exports led to a rapid development of the city. The export-led expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, fostering social unrest. During the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, Chilean troops occupied Lima, looting public museums, libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian population; sacking their properties and businesses. After the war, the city underwent a process of renewal and expansion from the 1890s up to the 1920s. During this period, the urban layout was modified by the construction of big avenues that crisscrossed the city and connected it with neighboring towns.

In 1940, an earthquake destroyed most of the city, which at that time was mostly built of adobe and ''quincha''. In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people sought better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980. At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic centre, Callao and Chorrillos; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway, and to the south. The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as ''pueblos jóvenes''.

Geography

The urban area of Lima covers about . It is located on mostly flat terrain in the Peruvian coastal plain, within the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as above mean sea level. Within the city there are isolated hills which are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rimac district, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth.

Metropolitan Lima has an area of , of which (31%) comprise the actual city and (69%) the city outskirts. The urban area extends around from north to south and around from west to east. The city center is located inland at the shore of the Rimac river, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 out of the 43 districts of Lima Province, corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of the Lima Metropolitan Area, one of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the Americas. Lima is the second largest city in the world located in a desert, after Cairo, Egypt.

Climate

Lima's climate is mild and comfortable, despite being located in the tropics and in a desert. Although classified as subtropical, Lima's proximity to the cool waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to temperatures much cooler than those expected for a subtropical desert, and can be classified as a cool desert climate. It is neither cold nor very hot. Temperatures rarely fall below or rise above throughout the entire year. Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, from December through April; and winter from June through October. May and November are generally transition months, with the warm-to-cool weather transition being more dramatic.

Summers are warm, humid and sunny. Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of to , and highs of to . Skies are generally cloud free, especially during daytime. Occasional coastal fogs during some mornings and high clouds during some afternoons and evenings can be present. Lima summer sunsets are well known for being colorful. As such, they have been labeled by the locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since the sky commonly turns into shades of orange, pink and red around 7 pm. Winter weather is dramatically different. Gray skies, breezy conditions, high humidity and cool temperatures prevail. Long (1-week or more) stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle occurs occasionally from June through September, coating the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures in Lima do not vary much between day and night. They range from lows of to and highs of to , rarely exceeding except in the easternmost districts.

Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings. High humidity produces brief morning fog during the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally developing in May and persisting all the way into late November or even early December). Predominant onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 179.1 hours in January, exceptionally low values for the latitude. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek for sunshine in Andean valleys located at elevations generally above 500 meters above sea level.

Although relative humidity levels are high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts on water supply in the city, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the Andes. Inland districts receive anywhere between 1 to of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter months. Coastal districts receive only 1 to . As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs in the form of persistent morning drizzle events. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or 'camanchacas'. Summer rain, on the other hand, is infrequent, and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in term, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current; and warm air aloft associated with the South Pacific anticyclone.

The climate of Lima (as that of most of the Peruvian coast) gets severely disrupted during El Niño events. Water temperatures along the coast, which usually average around , get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water temperature reached ). Air temperatures rise accordingly. Such was the case when Lima hit its all-time record high of . Cooler climate develops during La Niña years. The all-time record low in the metropolitan area is , measured during the winter of 1988.

Demographics

With a municipal population of 7,605,743, and 8,472,935 for the metropolitan area and a population density of as of 2007, Lima ranks as the 27th most populous 'agglomeration' in the world. Its population features a very complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Mestizos of mixed Amerindian and European (mostly Spanish and Italians) ancestry are the largest ethnic group. European Peruvians are the second largest group. Many are of Spanish, Italian or German descent; many others are of French, British, or Croatian descent. The minorities in Lima include Amerindians (mostly Aymara and Quechua), Afro-Peruvians, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves, are yet another part of the city's ethnic diversity. There are also numerous Jews of European descent and Middle Easterners. Asians make up a large number of the metropolitan population, especially of Chinese (Cantonese) and Japanese descent, whose ancestors came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lima has, by far, the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.

The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of only 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built at the other side of the Rimac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% of the population, and whites made up around 38% of the population. By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000. In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000, and by 1927, this amount was doubled.

During the early twentieth century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including a significant number of French, Italians and Germans, many of whom have assimilated to the Peruvian society. They organized in social clubs, and they built their own schools; for example, The American-Peruvian school which is located in Miraflores; the French Alliance (Alianza Francesa de Lima), the notable Lycée Franco-Péruvien and the hospital Maison de Sante;; the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico and also several German-Peruvian schools. They influenced Peruvian cuisine, the Italians in particular exerting a strong influence in the Miraflores and San Isidro areas with their restaurants, called ''trattorias''.

A great number of Chinese immigrants, and a lesser amount of Japanese, came to Lima and established themselves in the Barrios Altos neighborhood near downtown Lima. Lima residents refer to their Chinatown as ''Calle Capon'', and the city's ubiquitous Chifa restaurants a small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurant serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine can be found by the dozen in this Chinese enclave.

Economy

Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America. Today it is home to many national companies. It accounts for more than two thirds of Peru's industrial production and most of its tertiary sector.

The Metropolitan area, with around 7000 factories, spearheads the industrial development of the country, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available workforce, cheap infrastructure and the mostly developed routes and highways in the city. The most relevant industrial sectors are textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are also manufactured and/or processed in Lima. The financial district is located in the district of San Isidro, while much of the industrial activity takes place in the area stretching west of downtown Lima to the airport in Callao. Lima has the largest exportation industry in South America, and it is a regional hub for the operational cargo industry.

Industrialization began to take hold in Lima in 1930s and by 1950s, through import substitution policies, by 1950 manufacturing made up 14% of the GNP. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in factories located in Lima.

The Callao seaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, with 75% of the country's imports and 25% of its exports using it as their entry/departure point. The main export goods leaving the country through Callao are oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee. Lima generates 53% of the GDP of Peru. In 2010, GDP per capita in Lima reached $20,000. Most of the foreign companies operating in the country have settled in Lima, which has led to the previously mentioned concentration of economic and financial activity on the city.

There has been a noticeable increase in light industries, services and high technologies. In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in all of South America which was spearheaded by economic policies originating in Lima. The Lima Stock Exchange grew 185.24% in 2006 and in 2007 grew 168.3%, making it one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the most profitable in the world. The unemployment rate in the metropolitan area is 7.2%.

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit and the Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit were hosted by the city of Lima.

Lima is headquarters to many major banks such as Banco de Crédito del Perú, Interbank, Bank of the Nation, Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Finaciero, Banco de Comercio, and Credi Scotia. It is also a regional headquarters to Standard Chartered. Major insurance coorperations based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta, and La Positiva.

Government

National government

Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and the department of Lima. As such, it is home to the three branches of the Government of Peru. The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace, located in the Plaza Mayor. The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of Peru. The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to the Supreme Court of Peru. Likewise, all the ministries are located in the city of Lima. In international government, the city of Lima is home to the headquarters of the Andean Community of Nations and the South American Community of Nations, along with other regional and international organizations.

The Palace of Justice in Lima is seat of the Supreme Court of Justice the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is also seat of two of the 28 second highest or Superior Courts of Justice. The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the ''Superior Court of Justice of Lima'' belonging to the Judicial District of Lima. Due to the judicial organization of Peru, the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district only has jurisdiction over 35 of the 43 districts of Lima. The ''Superior Court of the Cono Norte'' is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of the Judicial District of North Lima. This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts all located in northern Lima.

Local government

The city is roughly equivalent to the Province of Lima, which is subdivided into 43 districts. The Metropolitan Municipality of Lima is utmost authority of the entire city while each district has its own local government. Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although a provincial municipality, acts as and has functions similar to a regional government, as it does not belong to any of the 25 regions of Peru.

Cityscape

Lima's architecture is characterized by a mix in styles as reflected from shifts between trends throughout various time periods of the city's history. Examples of early colonial architecture include such structures as the Monastery of San Francisco, the Cathedral of Lima and the Torre Tagle Palace. These constructions are generally influenced by the Spanish baroque, Spanish Neoclassicism, and Spanish Colonial styles. After independence, a gradual shift towards the neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles took place. Many of these constructions were greatly influenced by French architectural styles. Many government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were contracted in this architectural time period. During 1960s, constructions utilizing the brutalist style began appearing in Lima due to the military government of Juan Velasco. Examples of this architecture include the Museum of the Nation and the Ministry of Defense. The 21st century has seen the appearance of glass skyscrapers, particularly around the city's financial district. Also there are several new architectural and real estate projects.

The largest parks of Lima are located near the downtown area such as the Park of the Reserve, Park of the Exposition, Campo de Marte, and the University Park. The Park of the Reserve is home to the largest fountain complex in the world known as the Magical Circuit of Water. A number of large parks lie outside the city center, including Reducto Park, Pantanos de Villa, El Golf (San Isidro), Parque de las Leyendas (Lima Zoo), El Malecon de Miraflores, and the Golf Los Incas. The street grid of the city of Lima, is laid out with a system of plazas of which serve a purpose similar to roundabouts or junctions. In addition to this practical purpose, plazas serve as one of Lima's principal green spaces and contain a variety of different types of architecture ranging from monuments to statues, and water fountains.

Society and culture

Strongly influenced by European, Andean, African and Asian culture, Lima is a melting pot of cultures due to colonization, immigration, and indigenous influences. The Historic Center of Lima was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Like many other world capitals, Lima is home to prestigious museums, many of which are world renowned.

Limean cuisine is known to be among the best in the world, and the city is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas''. Lima's gastronomy is a mix of Spanish, Andean, and Asian culinary traditions.

Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer months. Numerous restaurants, clubs and hotels have been opened in these places to serve the many beachgoers. Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, as there are many theaters presenting not only classic theater, but also cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances, and theater for children. Lima is home to many important theaters, such as the Municipal Theater, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center, and the Yuyachkani Theater.

Language

Known as Peruvian Coastal Spanish, Lima's Spanish is characterized by the lack of strong innotations as found in many other regions of the Spanish-speaking world. It is heavily influenced by the historical Spanish spoken in Castile. Throughout the colonial era, most of the Spanish colonial nobility based in Lima were originally from Castile. Limean Spanish is also characterized by the lack of ''voseo'', a trait present in the dialects of many other Latin American countries. This is due to the fact that voseo was primarily used by the lower socioeconomic classes of Spain, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.

Limean Spanish is distinguished by its relative clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents. Limean Spanish has been influenced by a number of immigrant groups including Italians, Andalusians, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced by anglicisms as a result of globalization, as well as by Andean Spanish, due to the recent migration from the Andean highlands to Lima.

Museums

Lima is home to the highest concentration of museums of the country, the most notable of which are the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Antropología e Historia del Perú, Museum of Art of Lima, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Nation, The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art, and the Museum of Gold, and the Larco Museum. These museums mostly focus on art, pre-Columbian cultures, natural history, science and religion. There's a particularity with the Museum of Italian Art, which is the only museum that shows European art in Peru.

Tourism

whs	Historic Centre of Lima
state party
type	Cultural
criteria	iv
id	500
region	Latin America and the Caribbean
year	1988
session	12th
extension	1991
link	http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500 }}

As the major point of entry to the country, Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, and popular traditions. Lima is home to an ample range of restaurants and bars where local as well as international cuisine is served.

The Historic Center of Lima, made up of the districts of Lima and Rimac, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 due to its importance during the colonial era leaving a testimony to architectural achievement. Some examples of this historical colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Plaza Mayor, the Cathedral, Covenant of Santo Domingo, the Palace of Torre Tagle, and much more.

A tour of the city's churches is a popular circuit among tourists. A short jaunt through the central district goes through many churches dating from as early as the 16th and 17th centuries, the most noteworthy of which are the Cathedral of Lima and the Monastery of San Francisco, said to be connected by their subterrestrial catacombs. Both of these churches contain paintings from various schools of art, Sevilian tile, and finely sculpted wood furnishings.

Also notable is the Sanctuary of Las Nazarenas, the point of origin for the Lord of Miracles, whose festivities in the month of October constitute the most important religious event in Lima, and a major one of Peru. Some sections of the Lima City Walls still remain and are frequented by tourists. These examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were built to defend the city from attacks by pirates and privateers. Beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located along the Pan-American Highway, to the south of the city in districts such as Lurin, Punta Hermosa, Santa María del Mar (Peru), San Bartolo and Asia. Many restaurants, nightclubs, lounges, bars, clubs, and hotels have developed in said places to cater to beachgoers.

The suburban districts of Cieneguilla, Pachacamac, and the city of Chosica, are important tourist attractions among locals. Because they are located at a higher elevation than Lima, they receive more sunshine in winter months, something that the city of Lima frequently lacks under seasonal fog.

Food

Lima is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas''. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, Lima has incorporated unique dishes brought from the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors and many waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese, and Japanese. Besides international immigration—a large portion of which happened in Lima—there has been, since the second half of the 20th century, a strong internal flow from rural areas to cities, in particular to Lima. This has strongly influenced Lima's cuisine with the incorporation of the immigrant's ingredients and techniques (for example, the Chinese extensive use of rice or the Japanese approach to preparing raw fish. The genres of restaurants in Lima include Creole food, Chifas, Cebicherias, and Pollerias. Peruvian cuisine, widely represented in Lima, holds various Guinness World Records, for its diversity and quality.

Sports

The city of Lima has varied sports venues for football, volleyball and basketball, many of which are located within private clubs. A popular sport among Limeans is ''fronton'', a racquet sport similar to ''squash'' invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-class golf links. Equestrian is popular in Lima with many private clubs as well as the Hipódromo de Monterrico horse racing track. The most popular sport in Lima by far is football with many professional club teams being located in the city.

The Historic Plaza de Acho, located in the Rimac district a few minutes from the Plaza de Armas, holds bullfights yearly. The season typically runs from late October to December.

!Club	!Sport	!League	!Venue
Peruvian Institute of Sport	Various	Various	Estadio Nacional (Lima)
Universitario de Deportes		Primera División Peruana
Alianza Lima		Primera División Peruana
Sporting Cristal		Primera División Peruana
Universidad San Martin de Porres		Primera Division Peruana
Club de Regatas Lima	Various	Various	Regatas Headquarters Chorrillos
Real Club Lima	Basketball, Volleyball	Various

Subdivisions

Lima is made up of thirty densely-populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the thirteen outer districts of the Lima province.

The city's historic centre is located in the Cercado de Lima district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Downtown"), and it is home to most of the vestiges of Lima's colonial past, the Presidential Palace (), the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima (), and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that used to cater to the national and international elite.

The upscale San Isidro district is the city's financial center. It is home to many prominent figures such as politicians and celebrities. It is also where the main banks of Peru and branch offices of world banks are headquartered. San Isidro has many parks, including Parque El Olivar, which has olive trees that were brought from Spain during the seventeenth century.

Another upscale district is Miraflores, which has many luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has more parks and green areas in the south of Lima than most other districts. Larcomar, a popular shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. Nightlife, shopping and entertainment also center around Parque Kennedy, a park in the heart of Miraflores that is always bustling with people and live performances.

La Molina, San Borja and Santiago de Surco, home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima, are the other three wealthy districts of Lima.

The most densely-populated districts of Lima lie in the northern and southern ends of the city (Spanish: Cono Norte and Cono Sur, respectively), and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid and late 20th century looking for better living standards and economic opportunities, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the Shining Path during the late 80s and early '90s. In the case of Cono Norte (now called Lima Norte), certain shopping malls like Megaplaza and Royal Plaza have been recently built in the Independencia district, right on the border with the Los Olivos district, the latter being the most residential neighborhood in the Northern part of Lima. Most of the inhabitants of this area belong to the middle class or lower middle class.

Barranco, which borders Miraflores by the Pacific Ocean, is known as the city's bohemian district, home or once home of many Peruvian writers and intellectuals like Mario Vargas Llosa, Chabuca Granda and Alfredo Bryce Echenique. This district has many acclaimed restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla"), and beautiful Victorian-style chalets. It along with Miraflores serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene.

Education

Lima is home to the oldest higher learning institution in the New World, San Marcos University founded in 1551. Home to a range of universities, institutions, and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning in the continent and is home to schools with worldwide recognition. Peru itself is one of the most educated countries in South America. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.

Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer Eduardo de Habich and is the most important engineering school in the country. Other public universities also play key roles in teaching and research, such as the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (the second largest in the country), the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina where ex-president Alberto Fujimori once taught, and the National University of Callao.

The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions that are located in the city are Universidad del Pacifico, Universidad de Lima, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas and Universidad Ricardo Palma.

Transport

Air transport

Lima is served by the Jorge Chávez International Airport, located in Callao (LIM). It is the largest airport of the country with the largest amount of domestic and international air traffic. It also serves as a major hub in the Latin American air network. Lima's Jorge Chavez International Airport is the fourth largest air hub in South America. The airport, however it is the base for the largest cargo hub in the continent. Additionally, Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport, and runways in Santa María del Mar, San Bartolo and Chilca.

Land transportation

Lima is a major stop on the Pan-American Highway. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is also an important junction in Peru's highway system. Three of the major highways originate in Lima.

The Northern Panamerican Highway, this highway extends more than to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern districts of Lima with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast. The Central Highway (), this highway connects the eastern districts of Lima with many cities in central Peru. The highway extends with its terminus at the city of Pucallpa near Brazil. The Southern Panamerican Highway, this highway connects the southern districts of Lima to cities on the southern coast. The highway extends to the border with Chile.

The city of Lima has one big bus terminus station located next to the mall Plaza norte in the north of the city. This bus station is the point of departure and arrival of a lot of buses with national and international destinations. There are other bus stations for each company around the city. In addition, there are informals bus stations located in the south, center and north of the city; these bus stations are cheap but dangerous and are not recommended for foreigners.

Maritime transport

The proximity of Lima to the port of Callao allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's foremost port. Callao concentrates nearly all of the maritime transport of the metropolitan area. There is, however, a small port in Lurín whose transit mostly is accounted for by oil tankers due to a refinery being located nearby. Nonetheless, maritime transport inside Lima's city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao, the nation's leading port and one of Latin America's largest.

Rail transport

Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the Ferrocarril Central Andino which runs from Lima through the departments of Junin, Huancavelica, Pasco, and Huanuco. Major cities along this line include Huancayo, La Oroya, Huancavelica, and Cerro de Pasco. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of Huacho.

Public transport

Eighty percent of the city's history having occurred during the pre-automobile era, Lima's road network is based mostly on large divided avenues rather than freeways. In recent times however, Lima has developed a freeway network now made up of nine freeways which are, the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche, and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.

The urban transport system is composed of over 652 transit routes which are served by buses, microbuses, and combis. The system is unorganized and is characterized by the lack of formality. The service is run by 464 private companies which are poorly regulated by the local government. Fares average at around one sol or $0.30 USD. The city of Lima has also more than 100 km of cycle paths.

Taxis in the city are mostly informal; they are relatively cheap but could be dangerous. There are no meters so drivers are told the desired destination and the fare is agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in sizes from small four door compacts to large vans. They are virtually everywhere, with different colours, accounting for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, there are several companies that provide taxi service on-call.

Automobiles, known as colectivos, render express service on some major roads of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on the their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than public transport however they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops. This service is informal and is not allowed in the city. Some people in the periphery of the city use the so called "mototaxi" for short distances

The Metropolitan Transportation System or El Metropolitano is a public transportation system which integrate the Independent Corridor of Mass-Transit Buses known by its Spanish initials as (COSAC 1). This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area and the first phase of this project has thirty three km line from the north of the city to Chorrillos in the south of the city. It began commercial operations on July 28th, 2010. This system is similar to the TransMilenio of Bogotá, Colombia.

The Lima Metro, an above ground mass transit system, which 3rd phase of the Line One is already opened to public. There are six more lines in planning phase. Line 1's extension to the city's center was opened in July 2011, linking Villa el Salvador with downtown Lima in a matter of only thirty minutes, a trip which currently lasts one hour and forty minutes with other public transport system.

The Lima Metro has sixteen passenger stations, located at an average distance of 1.2 km (0.7 mi). It starts its path in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos and then on to Av. Aviación to finish in Av. Grau in the city center. Construction to extend Line 1 until its final destination, through Av. Próceres de la Independencia in San Juan de Lurigancho, is scheduled to begin shortly.

International relations

;Twin towns — Sister cities Lima is twinned with:

* Arequipa, Peru

* Cusco, Peru

* Piura, Peru

Los Angeles, California>Los Angeles, United States

Austin, Texas>Austin, United States, since 1981

Sister cities of Cleveland, Ohio>Cleveland, United States

* Miami, United States

Stamford, Connecticut>Stamford, United States

Bordeaux, France. since 1957

* Beijing, China, since November 1983

* Manila, Philippines

* Madrid, Spain

* Mexico City, Mexico

* São Paulo, Brazil

* Tegucigalpa, Honduras

* Akhisar, Turkey

* Karaçoban, Turkey

* Buenos Aires, Argentina

Guadalajara, Jalisco>Guadalajara, Mexico

* Montreal, Canada

* Bogotá, Colombia

* Cairo, Egypt

* Cardiff, United Kingdom

* Pescara, Italy

* Kiev, Ukraine

* Brasília, Brazil

See also

Lima Metropolitan Area

List of people from Lima

List of districts and neighborhoods of Lima

List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area

Largest cities in the Americas

Notes

References

External links

Municipality of Lima

MSN Map

1.40 gigapixel image of Lima

}}

Category:Capitals in South America Category:Populated places in the Lima Region Category:Populated coastal places in Peru Category:Populated places established in 1535

af:Lima am:ሊማ ar:ليما an:Lima frp:Lima ast:Lima gn:Lima ay:Lima az:Lima bn:লিমা zh-min-nan:Lima be:Горад Ліма be-x-old:Ліма (сталіца) bo:ལི་མ། bs:Lima br:Lima bg:Лима ca:Lima cv:Лима cs:Lima cy:Lima da:Lima de:Lima et:Lima (Peruu) el:Λίμα es:Lima eo:Limo eu:Lima fa:لیما hif:Lima fo:Lima fr:Lima ga:Líoma gd:Lima gl:Lima ko:리마 hy:Լիմա hr:Lima io:Lima id:Lima, Peru ia:Lima os:Лимæ is:Líma it:Lima he:לימה ka:ლიმა rw:Lima sw:Lima ht:Lima ku:Lîma lad:Lima krc:Лима la:Lima lv:Lima lb:Lima lt:Lima lij:Lima ln:Lima lmo:Lima hu:Lima mk:Лима ml:ലിമ mr:लिमा ms:Lima mwl:Lima nah:Lima nl:Lima (stad) ja:リマ no:Lima nn:Lima nov:Lima oc:Lima pnb:لیما pap:Lima pms:Lima nds:Lima pl:Lima pt:Lima crh:Lima ro:Lima rm:Lima qu:Lima ru:Лима sc:Lima sco:Lima sq:Lima scn:Lima simple:Lima sk:Lima sl:Lima szl:Lima sr:Лима sh:Lima fi:Lima sv:Lima tl:Lungsod ng Lima ta:லிமா th:ลิมา tr:Lima uk:Ліма ug:لىما vec:Lima vi:Lima vo:Lima war:Lima yi:לימא yo:Lima bat-smg:Lima zh:利馬

name	Jorge Chávez International Airport
nativename	Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez
image-width	200px
iata	LIM
icao	SPIM Location of airport in Lima
type	Public international
operator	Lima Airport Partners
location	Lima, Peru
hub
elevation-f	113
elevation-m	34
coordinates
website	lap.com.pe
metric-elev	yes
metric-rwy	yes
r1-number	15/33
r1-length-f	11,506
r1-length-m	3,507
r1-surface	Asphalt
stat-year	2010
stat1-header	Passengers
stat1-data	10,281,369
stat2-header	Freight (tonnes)
stat2-data	271,794
footnotes	Source: Fraport AG Figures }}

Jorge Chávez International Airport , known as Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez in Spanish, is Peru's main international and domestic airport. It is located in Callao, 11 kilometers (7 mi) from the Historic Centre of Lima and 17 km (11 mi) from Miraflores. Callao is the port city now fully integrated with Lima, the nation's capital. In 2008, the airport handled 8,288,506 passengers and 98,733 aircraft movements. In 2009, the airport handled 8,786,973 passengers and 104,966 aircraft movements, which although small, was one of the fastest increases in the Americas. Between January and November 2010 the airport handled 9,361,846 passengers and by the end of 2010 the airport reached 10,278,493 passengers. For many years it was the hub for now defunct Aeroperú and Compañía de Aviación Faucett, one of the oldest airlines in Latin America. Now it serves as a hub for many aviation companies.

History

The first airport of Lima was the Limatambo Airport, located in San Isidro, which ceased operations in 1960 due to lack of space and capacity to handle the increasing flights. In that same year, the Lima-Callao International Airport began to operate in Callao. In June 1965, the airport was renamed as "Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez" after Peruvian aviator Jorge Chávez Dartnell and in December 1965, the current terminal building was inaugurated.

Over time, the airport showed signals of decay, lack of space for passengers and outdated technology in radar and safety. In 2001, in order to improve and expand its infrastructure, the airport was concessioned by the Peruvian government to Lima Airport Partners (LAP), now composed of Fraport and two other minor partners, retaining the air traffic control managed by the Peruvian Corporation of Airports and Commercial Aviation (CORPAC).

Expansion

In February 2005, the first phase of a new renovation and expansion project was completed, including the Peru Plaza Shopping Center and the new concourse. In June 2007 a four-star hotel opened in front of the terminal, 'Ramada Costa del Sol'. In January 2009, the second phase of the terminal expansion was inaugurated. Currently the terminal has 28 gates, 19 of them with boarding bridges. In August 2009, Jorge Chávez International Airport announced that they should receive a new ILS CAT III in 2010 to help with fog landings in Lima. The construction of a second runway is another very important project and is scheduled to be completed in 2014. Tourism and commercial passenger traffic has increased in Peru dramatically, and it is predicted to double in 2011; this growth will be higher than anywhere else in Latin America. 'Arquitectonica", a Miami-based architectural office and Lima Airport Partners set out to approved the construction of a second terminal and the further expansion of the main terminal.

Awards

Best airport in South America

The expansion and renovation of the airport has had a significant positive impact on the quality of services provided to passengers. In April 2010 it was presented the "Best Airport in South America 2010" award by United Kingdom-based commercial aviation consultancy Skytrax who presents the World Airport Awards annually after conducting surveys to 9.8 million airline passengers worldwide

Best airport lounge in the world

In addition to the award presented by Skytrax, Priority Pass, the world's largest independent airport access program, announced in March 2010 that Sumaq VIP Lounge had been voted by its members "Lounge of the Year 2010" for second consecutive year among 600 VIP lounges in the world.

Commercial infrastructure

Hotel - Along with the airport expansion Lima Airport Partners added a four star hotel, 'Ramada Costa del Sol', right in front of the control tower and the arrivals exit. The Hotel is built with noise canceling panels as well as a Restaurant, a pool, business center, spa, beauty salon, gymnasium and a bar.

"Peru Plaza" Shopping Center - Located near the passenger terminal in the ''Grand Concourse'', the expansion included a new shopping center with stores, restaurants, gyms, spa, and souvenir shops. Stores such as Lacoste, Tommy Hilfiger, Versace, Timberland and Esprit are located in the duty-free area of the concourse, this area will also be expanded by 2011.

Food Court - Located on the second floor, the food court has outlets of: Mcdonald's, Papa John's, Starbucks and others, there is also a Dunkin' Donuts next to the main entrance of the terminal.

Passenger services

VIP lounges - Jorge Chavez Airport has various VIP Salons in the departures terminal, such as "VIP Peru", a luxury waiting room with bars, tables, and other amenities. For passengers in First class, there is an exclusive salon near the gates,"VIP Club". And renovated the "Sumaq VIP Lounge", a lounge exclusively for first and business class passengers nominated as the best VIP lounge of the year by the survey of the "Priority Pass" VIP Network.

Transportation - Transportation between the airport and city is provided by taxis, tour buses and vans. For security reasons, visitors are recommended to take only those taxis offered by registered companies at the airport arrivals area.

Tourist information - Tourist Information is offered near International and domestic arrivals and departures, as well as informative material is given to direct tourists to the principal attractions of the country.

Airlines and destinations

Cargo airlines

Cargo operations

Jorge Chávez International Airport is home to Lima Cargo City, a hub for cargo airlines. The 35 million dollar project was completed and began operations on 12 May 2009. This cargo hub is big enough to hold up to twenty cargo airplanes at the same time.

Accidents and incidents

November 27, 1962: Varig Flight 810, a Boeing 707-441 registration PP-VJB flying from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão to Jorge Chávez International Airport, after initiating an overshoot procedure at the suggestion of the control tower because it was too high, proceeded to start another approach when it crashed into La Cruz peak, 8 miles away from Lima Airport. Possibly there was a misinterpretation of navigation instruments. All 97 passengers and crew aboard died. May 8, 1964: an Argentine Air Force Douglas C-54 registration T-47 flying from Buenos Aires to Lima Jorge Chávez International Airport crashed into a sand dune during approach in poor visibility conditions, killing 46 of 49 people on board. December 8, 1987: a Peruvian Navy Fokker 27-400M registration AE-560 flying from Pucallpa to Lima Jorge Chávez International Airport chartered by the Alianza Lima football team crashed into the Pacific Ocean shortly before landing. A malfunctioning cockpit indicator made the crew believe that the landing gear was not properly deployed and locked, so they requested the control tower to make a low pass for a visual check by ground personnel. After receiving the confirmation that the landing gear was down, the aircraft circled the airport for another attempt to land, but plunged into the ocean instead, killing all on board except the pilot, who was the only survivor. March 10, 1989: an Aero Condor Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander registration OB-1271 flying from Nazca to Lima Jorge Chavez International Airport crashed into a building during approach killing all on board, apparently due to fuel exhaustion. April 15, 1995: an Imperial Air Tupolev Tu-134A-3 registration OB-1553 flying from Cusco to Lima Jorge Chavez International Airport suffered a tyre failure after departure. The crew decided to continue the flight to Lima, but the left main landing gear did not extend during landing. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair. October 2, 1996: Flight 603, an AeroPerú Boeing 757-23A registration N52AW flying the Miami-Lima-Santiago, Chile route crashed into the Pacific Ocean some minutes after its take off from Lima, Perú's Jorge Chávez International Airport, killing all on board. Accident investigation found that masking tape was accidentally left over the static ports during maintenance, turning the airspeed indicator, altimeter and vertical speed indicator unreliable.

See also

Fraport AG

Aeropuertos del Perú

CORPAC

References

External links

Official Website in English and Spanish.

Category:Transport in Lima Category:Buildings and structures in Lima Category:Airports in Peru

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Name	Jerry Rivera
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Geraldo Rivera Rodríguez
Born	July 31, 1973Humacao, Puerto Rico
Genre	Salsa, Latin pop
Years active	1988–present
Website	http://www.jerryrivera.com/ }}

Jerry Rivera (born July 31, 1973), is a Grammy Award and Latin Grammy Award-nominated Puerto Rican salsa singer.

Early years

Rivera, born Geraldo Rivera Rodríguez in Humacao, Puerto Rico on the eastern coast of Puerto Rico, moved with his family as a baby to Levittown, near the town of Toa Baja, where he received his primary and secondary education. His entire family consists of musicians, including tropical recording artists Edwin Rivera and younger sister Saned. Two other brothers, Ito and Jose, are professional instrumental musicians. His parents, also musicians, inspired him to become a musician and as a child he would often accompany his mother Dominga, a singer, and father Edwin, a guitarist and director of ''Los Barones Trio'', during their shows.

In 1986, when he was 13 years old, he accompanied his father who was performing at a hotel in Isla Verde, San Juan. Frankie Ruiz, who was a guest at the hotel, appeared and sang a couple of songs with them and had his picture taken alongside Rivera. In 2003, this picture was used by Rivera to make the album cover for his tribute ''Canto a mi Idolo... Frankie Ruiz'' ('I sing to my Idol... Frankie Ruiz'), who had died in 1998.

Singing career

In 1988, Tommy Olivencia heard Rivera sing alongside his father and recommended that he sing solo. When Rivera was 14, his father made a demo and presented it to the CBS music department. They signed Rivera.

Rivera began to be known as "El Bebé de la Salsa" (the baby of salsa) after recording his first album, ''Empezando A Vivir'', . This project generated the hit, ''De La Cabeza A Los Pies'' ("Head Over Heels"). His second album, ''Abriendo Puertas'' ('Opening Doors'), produced the hit songs ''Esa Niña'' ('That Girl'), ''Dime'' ('Tell Me'), ''Nada Sin Ti'' ('Nothing Without You'), and ''Como un Milagro'' ('Like a Miracle') became number one hits first in Puerto Rico, then among the Hispanic populations in the United States and finally across Latin America.

His third album, ''Cuenta Conmigo'' ('Count on Me'), won three Platinum Record awards in the United States, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Colombia. It became the most-sold salsa album in history, a record previously held by Willie Colón, and held the number-one spot in the Latin American Billboards for three consecutive months. Its hit songs included the ''Cuenta Conmigo'', ''Me Estoy Enamorando'' ('I'm Falling in Love') and ''Casi Un Hechizo'' (Neary A Charm). The number one hit for the album was ''Amores Como El Nuestro'' (Love like ours) which is considered to be the best song by Rivera. Rivera was awarded two Premio ''Lo Nuestro Awards'' for "Singer of the Year" and "Album of the Year" and Sony Records presented him with three Crystal Awards.

The introduction of ''Amores Como El Nuestro'' was sampled by Haitian-rapper Wyclef Jean in his 2004 song "Dance Like This" from the soundtrack of ''Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights'' which would later become the worldwide number-one 2006 hit "Hips Don't Lie" by Wyclef and Colombian-singer Shakira. However, in the case of Shakira, she was accused of plagiarism since she made the recording without Riveras consent.

In 1993, he released ''Cara de Niño'' ('Baby Face') with ''¿Qué Hay De Malo?'' ('What's Wrong About This?'), ''Cara de Niño'', ''No Hieras Mi Vida'' as being major hits of the year. In 1994, as his popularity was rising, he released his first compilation album, ''Lo Nuevo y lo Mejor'' (The New and the Best), and contained the single hit ''Me Estoy Enloqueciendo Por Ti'' ('I'm Going Crazy For You'). The following year, "Magia" was released with the self-titled album and ''Ahora Estoy Solo'' (''Now That I'm Alone'') In 1996, Rivera released "Fresco" and ''Una y Mil Veces'' (One Thousand and One Times) and ''Lloraré'' (''I Will Cry'') were the album hits. ''Ya No Soy El Niño Aquel'' was released in 1997. In 1999, Rivera recorded ''De Otra Manera'' ('Another Way'), his first attempt at ballad music, which featured the bolero ''Ese'' (''Him''). Jerry sang the song with his father at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan.

In 2000, Rivera recorded ''Para Siempre'' ('Forever'). This was his last album on Sony Latin records. In 2001, he released his self-titled album ''Jerry Rivera'' and the year after, he recorded ''Vuela Muy Alto'' (Fly High) which brought him a new fanbase all over Latin-America and the U.S., with the title track hit the top spot and the top 10 in many charts along with ''Herida Mortal'' (''Mortal Wound''). The following year he returned to his salsa roots and released ''Cantando A Mi Idolo... Frankie Ruiz ('Singing To My Idol... Frankie Ruiz')'', a tribute album to one of his idol Frankie Ruiz. The album ganer him a Latin Grammy nominatation, made up for the poor sales of his previous ballad albums, and his major album hit was Ruiz's ''Mi Libertad'' featuring Voltio.

Rivera played a small role in the movie ''I Like It Like That'' and appeared as himself in a Latin American soap opera titled ''Mi destino eres tu'' ('You are my destiny') which aired on Univision in the US during November 2005. Rivera has also appeared in various Banco Popular de Puerto Rico productions, including ''Al Compas de un Sentimiento'' (dedicated to the late Puerto Rican composer Pedro Flores) and ''Con la musica por Dentro''. The same year, he released ''Ay Mi Vida'' (''Oh My Life'') which had received mixed reviews. In 2007, he released ''Caribe Gardel'', a tribute to Argentine singer, Carlos Gardel with Gardel's ''Cuesta Abajo'' (''Downhill'') being one the major salsa hits of the year. In 2011, he released ''El Amor Existe'', with ''Solo Pienso En Ti'' being one of the major salsa hits of 2011.

Rivera has performed in Venezuela, Colombia, Honduras, Panama, the United States, Spain, Ecuador, Argentina, Peru, Mexico, Sweden, France, and Japan.

Discography

Albums

''Empezando a Vivir'' ('Beginning to Live') (Released: 1989) Sony Music

''Abriendo Puertas'' ('Opening Doors') (Released: 1990)

''Cuenta Conmigo'' ('Count On Me') (Released: 1992)

''Cara de Niño'' ('Baby Face') (Released: 1993)

''Jerry Rivera: Lo Nuevo y Lo Mejor'' ('Jerry Rivera: The New and the Best') (1994)

''Magia'' ('Magic') (Released: 1995)

''Fresco'' ('Fresh') (Released: 1996)

''Ya No Soy El Niño Aquel'' ('I'm Not That Child Anymore') (Released: 1997)

''De Otra Manera'' ('In Other Ways') (Released: 1998)

''Oro Salsero'' ('Salsa Gold') (Released: 2000)

''Historia 1'' ('History 1') (Released: 2000)

''Para Siempre'' ('Forever') (Released: 2000)

''Rivera'' ('Rivera') (Released: 2001) 'also available in box set' BMG

''No Me Olvidarás'' ('You Won't Forget Me') (Released: 2001)

''Vuela Muy Alto'' ('Fly Very High') (Released: 2002)

''Cantando A Mi Ídolo... Frankie Ruiz'' ('Singing To My Idol... Frankie Ruiz') (Released: 2003)

''Ay Mi Vida'' ('Oh My Life') (Released: 2005) Sony BMG

''Caribe Gardel'' (Released: 2007) EMI Music

''El Amor Existe'' ('Love Exists') (Released: 2011) VeneMusic

Singles

{|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Year !rowspan="2"|Single !colspan="3"|Chart positions !rowspan="2"|Album |- !width="35"|U.S. Latin !width="35"|U.S. Latin Pop !width="35"|U.S. Latin Trop |- |align="center" rowspan="4"|1991 |align="left"|"Esa Niña" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="left" rowspan="4"|''Abriendo Puertas'' |- |align="left"|"Dime" |align="center"|26 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Nada Sin Ti" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Mas Que Tu" |align="center"|35 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|1992 |align="left"|"Casi un Hechizo" |align="center"|22 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="left" rowspan="5"|''Cuenta Conmigo'' |- |align="left"|"Amores Como El Nuestro" |align="center"|16 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Cuenta Conmigo" |align="center"|24 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|1993 |align="left"|"Me Estoy Enamorando" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Una en un Millón" |align="center"|22 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Que Hay de Malo" |align="center"|4 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="left" rowspan="4"|''Cara de Niño'' |- |align="center" rowspan="4"|1994 |align="left"|"Cara de Niño" |align="center"|14 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"No Hieras Mi Vida" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Dia y Noche Pienso en Ella" |align="center"|31 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="left"|"Me Estoy Enloqueciendo Por Ti" |align="center"|33 |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="left" rowspan="1"|''Lo Nuevo y Lo Mejor'' |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1995 |align="left"|"Magia" |align="center"|16 |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="left" rowspan="3"|''Magia'' |- |align="left"|"Ahora Que Estoy Solo" |align="center"|23 |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |- |align="center" rowspan="4"|1996 |align="left"|"Un Amor Verdadero" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|"Suave" |align="center"|16 |align="center"|- |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="6"|''Fresco'' |- |align="left"|"Loco de Amor" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|11 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|"Una y Mil Veces" |align="center"|23 |align="center"|- |align="center"|1 |- |align="center" rowspan="6"|1997 |align="left"|"Fresco" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|"Lloraré" |align="center"|29 |align="center"|- |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|"Te Recordaré" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Ya No Soy el Niño Aquel" |align="center"|20 |align="center"|20 |align="center"|8 |align="left" rowspan="3"|''Ya No Soy el Niño Aquel'' |- |align="left"|"El Amor Nunca Pregunta" |align="center"|27 |align="center"|- |align="center"|10 |- |align="left"|"Vuela Libre" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1998 |align="left"|"Ese" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="3"|''De Otra Manera'' |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1999 |align="left"|"De Que Vale Ser un Rey" |align="center"|24 |align="center"|29 |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|"Si Tu Me Faltas" |align="center"|17 |align="center"|- |align="center"|3 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2000 |align="left"|"Amor de Novela" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|28 |align="left" rowspan="1"|''Para Siempre'' |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|2001 |align="left"|"Quiero" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''Rivera'' |- |align="left"|"Muero" |align="center"|13 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|"No Me Olvidarás" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|18 |align="left" rowspan="1"|''No Me Olvidarás'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2002 |align="left"|"Vuela Muy Alto" |align="center"|3 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''Vuela Muy Alto'' |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2003 |align="left"|"Herida Mortal" |align="center"|7 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|"Mi Libertad" (Featuring Voltio) |align="center"|20 |align="center"|28 |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''Canto a Mi Idolo...Frankie Ruiz'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2004 |align="left"|"Puerto Rico" |align="center"|48 |align="center"|- |align="center"|7 |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|2005 |align="left"|"Ay Mi Vida" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|4 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''Ay Mi Vida'' |- |align="left"|"Rios de Dolor" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2007 |align="left"|"Cuesta Abajo" |align="center"|42 |align="center"|- |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''Caribe Gardel'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2008 |align="left"|"Yira Yira" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|25 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2009 |align="left"|"Quien de Los Dos" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|2 |align="left" rowspan="1"|single release only |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|2011 |align="left"|"Solo Pienso En Ti" |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|1 |align="left" rowspan="1"|''El Amor Existe'' |- |}

See also

List of famous Puerto Ricans

References

External links

Jerry Rivera at the Music of Puerto Rico website

Jerry Rivera's Official Website

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Puerto Rican singers Category:Salsa musicians Category:Latin pop singers Category:Puerto Rican male singers Category:Spanish-language singers

ca:Jerry Rivera de:Jerry Rivera es:Jerry Rivera fr:Jerry Rivera tr:Jerry Rivera

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	Adriana Lima
birth name	Adriana Francesca Lima
birth date	June 12, 1981
birth place	Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
height
haircolor	Brown
eyecolor	Blue
measurements	86-61-89 (34-24-35)
dress size	4 (US)
shoesize	9 (US)
spouse	Marko Jaric (2009–present)
agency	Marilyn Agency
website	http://www.adrianalima.com }}

Adriana Francesca Lima (born June 12, 1981, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil) is a Brazilian model, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel since 2000, and as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics from 2003 to 2009. At the age of 15, Lima finished first in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford "Supermodel of the World" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Since 2005, Lima has ranked in the top five of ''Forbes''' lists of the 20 highest-earning models in the world, and in 2006 ranked No.99 on the ''Forbes'' Celebrity 100. She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić ().

Career

Modeling

Lima never thought about being a model, although she had won many beauty pageants in elementary school. However, she had a friend at school who wanted to enter a modeling contest and did not want to enter alone, so Lima entered with her. Both sent in pictures, and the contest sponsor soon asked Lima to come out for the competition. Soon after, at the age of 15, she entered and finished in first place in Ford's "Supermodel of Brazil" model search. She subsequently entered the 1996 Ford "Supermodel of the World" contest and finished in second place. Three years later, Lima moved to New York City and signed with Elite Model Management. After acquiring representation, Lima's modeling portfolio quickly began to expand, and she appeared in numerous international editions of ''Vogue'' and ''Marie Claire''. As a runway model, she has walked the catwalks for designers such as Vera Wang, Giorgio Armani and Valentino, among others. Lima became a GUESS? girl in 2000, appearing in that year's fall ad campaign. She also appeared in the book ''A Second Decade of Guess? Images''.

Lima continued to build upon her portfolio, doing more print work for Maybelline, for whom she worked as a spokesmodel from 2003 until 2009, the same year she appeared in the company's first calendar, a limited edition run also featuring Kemp Muhl, Jessica White, Julia Stegner, and Anna Wang. Lima has also worked for notable fashion brands bebe, Armani, Versace, BCBG and Louis Vuitton. She also appeared on the covers and in the editorials of other fashion magazines such as ''Harper's Bazaar'', ''ELLE'', ''GQ'', ''Arena'', ''Vogue'', V, ''Esquire'' and French Revue des Modes. Her April 2006 ''GQ'' cover was the highest-selling issue that magazine for the year. She also appeared in the 2005 Pirelli Calendar and became the face of Italy's cell phone carrier, Telecom Italia Mobile, a move that earned her the nickname, "the Catherine Zeta-Jones of Italy."

In February 2008, Lima was featured on the cover of ''Esquire'', re-creating the classic 1966 Angie Dickinson cover on Esquire's 75th anniversary along with fellow Victoria's Secret Angels Alessandra Ambrosio, Karolina Kurkova, Izabel Goulart and Selita Ebanks. She appeared only in shoes, diamonds and gloves for the November 2007 issue of ''Vanity Fair'' celebrating 20 years of supermodels with her fellow Angels. In February 2008, she was chosen to be the face of Mexico's Liverpool department store chain and launched the partnership with a press conference, runway show, and summer campaign. Lima returned to the high fashion runway in 2009, walking for Givenchy. That same year, after visiting Turkey, Lima signed a contract with Doritos to appear in print campaigns and commercials which began airing in Turkey that April. She was also one of the faces of Givenchy for the Fall/Winter 2009 season, alongside Mariacarla Boscono and Iris Strubegger. Lima is one of the two faces of Blumarine's Fall/Winter 2011 season.

In 2011, Lima signed a deal as a spokeswoman for Megacity by Votsu, a Brazilian social gaming company, to appear in their commercials. She also became the face of Brazilian luxury brand, Forum for there F/W season. Adriana Lima has worked with the most established photographers in fashion such as Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matidin, Vincent Peters, Mario Sorrenti, Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott and David Sims.

In 2006, Lima ranked as the fifth highest paid supermodel. In 2007 and 2008, she ranked as the world's fourth highest paid supermodel by Forbes Magazine.

Victoria's Secret

Lima is probably best known for her work with Victoria's Secret. Her first fashion show for the company came in 1999, and since being contracted as an Angel in 2000, she has appeared on subsequent shows ever since, opening the show in 2003, 2007, 2008, and 2010. Lima has appeared on several television ads for the brand, including the praised and criticized "Angel in Venice" commercial of 2003 with Bob Dylan and her solo Victoria's Secret's Super Bowl XLII ad, the single most-seen ad of the game, watched by 103.7 million viewers. 2008 continued for Lima with hosting the ''What Is Sexy?'' program for the E! Entertainment Network and a July tour for the BioFit Uplift Bra launch. She was also featured in November's Miracle Bra relaunch. Topping the year off, Lima wore the "Fantasy Bra" for the 2008 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The bra, created by American jewelry designer Martin Katz, was set with 3,575 black diamonds, 117 certified white round diamonds, 34 rubies, and two black diamond drops totaling . Valued at over $5 million, the bra carried more than .

In 2009, Lima launched the company's new makeup line, "Christian Siriano for VS Makeup." Lima skipped the 2009 show due to her pregnancy but she was back for the 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, in which she wore the "Fantasy Bra" again, this time created by Damiani called "The Bombshell Fantasy Bra" valued at $2million.

Acting

Lima's first acting role was the wife, alongside Mickey Rourke and Forest Whitaker, in ''The Follow'' (2001), a short film in BMW's series ''The Hire'', starring Clive Owen and directed by Wong Kar-wai. She also appeared with her fellow Angels in a guest spot playing herself in the series ''How I Met Your Mother'' in November 2007.

In 2008, Lima appeared on the American television series ''Ugly Betty'', where she played herself and made friends with the series' title character, Betty.

Reception

Lima was listed in the 2005 Forbes' edition of The World's Best-Paid Celebrities Under 25. Also, she ranked No.99th in the 2006 Forbes' edition of The Celebrity 100 (Forbes' Highest Paid and Powerful Celebrities in the World). Lima was chosen to be a part of ''People'' magazine's 100 most beautiful people in the world list, sharing that space with the Angels, with whom she also received a star on the Hollywood "Walk of Fame" prior to the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. That same year, she ranked 7th on ''FHM''s "100 Sexiest Women 2007" list and was awarded as the "Hottest Girl on the Planet" at the first Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards, although the category was not mentioned in the actual broadcast. Lima was also voted on ''Maxim'''s "Hot 100" 2007 at the No.53 spot. She was voted No.1 as the Most Desirable Woman in 2005 by visitors of the men's lifestyle website, Askmen.com (she placed 4th in 2006 and 2007, 10th in 2008, and 19th in 2009). Since November 2008, Models.com has featured her at number one on the list of the "Sexiest Models." As of July 2011, she is also ranked No. 4 in the website's "Money Girls" list. In 2010, she was voted eighth in "FHM's Sexiest Women In The World". Previously to this, FHM ranked her at No. 6 in 2009, No. 21 in 2008 and No. 4 in 2007. In an interview about beauty, celebrity photographer and Victoria's Secret main photographer, Russell James says Adriana is one of the most beautiful women he's ever worked with in the course of his career.

Personal life

Lima is a devout Catholic who attends church every Sunday. In April 2006, she told ''GQ'' that she was a virgin. "Sex is for after marriage," she explained. "They [men] have to respect that this is my choice. If there's no respect, that means they don't want me." Characterizing her religious roots, she is known for taking a Bible backstage to read.

She has been romantically linked to musician/singer Lenny Kravitz and Prince Wenzeslaus of Liechtenstein. In November 2007, it was confirmed that Lima was dating Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić (Марко Јарић). Originally, the couple planned on a large wedding in Salvador, set to place in June 2009. Eventually, they eloped in a private civil ceremony in Jackson Hole, Wyoming on St. Valentine's Day in February 2009, with plans for two separate weddings in their respective hometowns at the end of 2009. In May 2009, it was reported that Lima applied for Serbian citizenship. Shortly thereafter, she announced that she was pregnant and expecting her first child around Thanksgiving. The couple's daughter, Valentina Lima Jarić (Валентина Лима Јарић), was born on November 15, 2009. Valentina was born at 34 weeks gestation, weighing just , due to Lima's suffering from preeclampsia.

Charity

Lima does charitable work helping with an orphanage, "Caminhos da Luz" (Ways of Light), located in her hometown. She helps with construction to expand the orphanage, and buys clothes for poor children in Salvador, Bahia. She appeared on ''Var mısın? Yok musun?'', the Turkish version of ''Deal or No Deal'', where her prize money went to a hospital in Istanbul for children fighting leukemia.

References

External links

{{navboxes |title=Adriana Lima navigational boxes |list1= }}

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian female models Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics Category:Brazilian people of indigenous peoples descent Category:People from Salvador, Bahia

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Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
Name	Rudyard Kipling
Birth name	Joseph Rudyard Kipling
Birth date	December 30, 1865
Birth place	Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India
Death date	January 18, 1936
Death place	Middlesex Hospital, London, England
Occupation	Short story writer, novelist, poet, journalist
Genre	Short story, novel, children's literature, poetry, travel literature, science fiction
Notableworks	''The Jungle Book''''Just So Stories''''Kim''''If—''''Gunga Din''
Influenced	Robert A. HeinleinJorge Luis BorgesRoald Dahl
Awards
Nationality	British}}

Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( , 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best-known for his works of fiction, including ''The Jungle Book'' (1894) (a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), ''Kim'' (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including ''Mandalay'' (1890), ''Gunga Din'' (1890), ''The White Man's Burden'' (1899) and ''If—'' (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".

Kipling was one of the most popular writers in England, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Henry James said: "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius (as distinct from fine intelligence) that I have ever known." In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and to date he remains its youngest recipient. Among other honours, he was sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions for a knighthood, all of which he declined.

Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age and the resulting contrasting views about him continued for much of the 20th century. George Orwell called him a "prophet of British imperialism". Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: "He [Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."

Childhood and early life

Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay, in British India to Alice Kipling (née MacDonald) and (John) Lockwood Kipling. Alice (one of four remarkable Victorian sisters) was a vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room." Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly-founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay.

John and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire. They married, and moved to India in 1865. They had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that when their first child was born, they included a reference to the lake in naming him. Alice's sister Georgiana was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones, and her sister Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter. Kipling's most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was Conservative Prime Minister of the UK three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kipling's birth home still stands on the campus of the J J School of Art in Mumbai and for many years was used as the Dean's residence. Mumbai historian Foy Nissen points out, however, that although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage was pulled down decades ago and a new one built in its place. The wooden bungalow has been empty and locked up for years.

Of Bombay, Kipling was to write:

Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the palms and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait.

According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling’s parents considered themselves 'Anglo-Indians' (a term used in the 19th century for people of British origin living in India) and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction." Kipling referred to such conflicts; for example: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ''ayah'', or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu ''bearer'', or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into the dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in".

Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay ended when he was five years old. As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister, Alice ("Trix"), were taken to England—in their case to Southsea (Portsmouth), to live with a couple who boarded children of British nationals who were serving in India. The two children lived with the couple, Captain and Mrs. Holloway, at their house, Lorne Lodge, for the next six years. In his autobiography, published some 65 years later, Kipling recalled the stay with horror, and wondered ironically if the combination of cruelty and neglect which he experienced there at the hands of Mrs. Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life: "If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day’s doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life is not easy. I have known a certain amount of bullying, but this was calculated torture — religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort".

Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge; Mrs. Holloway apparently hoped that Trix would eventually marry the Holloway son. The two Kipling children, however, did have relatives in England whom they could visit. They spent a month each Christmas with their maternal aunt Georgiana ("Georgy"), and her husband at their house, "The Grange" in Fulham, London, which Kipling was to call "a paradise which I verily believe saved me." In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge. Kipling remembers, "Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it".

In January 1878 Kipling was admitted to the United Services College, at Westward Ho!, Devon, a school founded a few years earlier to prepare boys for the British Army. The school proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships, and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories ''Stalky & Co.'' (1899). During his time there, Kipling also met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, who was boarding with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence was to become the model for Maisie in Kipling's first novel, ''The Light that Failed'' (1891).

Near the end of his stay at the school, it was decided that he lacked the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship and his parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him, so Lockwood obtained a job for his son in Lahore, Punjab (now in Pakistan), where Lockwood was now Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum. Kipling was to be assistant editor of a small local newspaper, the ''Civil & Military Gazette''.

He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October. He described this moment years later: "So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which the scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them." This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains, "There were yet three or four days’ rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength".

Early travels

The ''Civil and Military Gazette'' in Lahore, the newspaper which Kipling was to call "mistress and most true love," appeared six days a week throughout the year except for a one-day break each for Christmas and Easter. Kipling was worked hard by editor Stephen Wheeler, but Kipling's need to write was unstoppable. In 1886 he published his first collection of verse, ''Departmental Ditties.'' That year also brought a change of editors at the newspaper; Kay Robinson, the new editor, allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper.

During the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Shimla (then known as Simla), a well-known hill station and summer capital of British India. By then it was established practice for the Viceroy of India and the government to move to Simla for six months and the town became a "centre of power as well as pleasure." Kipling's family became yearly visitors to Simla and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in the Christ Church there. Rudyard Kipling returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888, and the town figured prominently in many of the stories that he wrote for the ''Gazette''. He describes this time: "My month’s leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy—every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one’s bedroom, and next morn—thirty more of them ahead!—the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work was in one’s head, and that was usually full." Back in Lahore, some thirty-nine stories appeared in the ''Gazette'' between November 1886 and June 1887. Most of these stories were included in ''Plain Tales from the Hills'', Kipling's first prose collection, which was published in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In November 1887 he was transferred to the ''Gazette'''s much larger sister newspaper, ''The Pioneer'', in Allahabad in the United Provinces.

Kipling's writing continued at a frenetic pace; in 1888 he published six collections of short stories: ''Soldiers Three'', ''The Story of the Gadsbys'', ''In Black and White'', ''Under the Deodars'', ''The Phantom Rickshaw'', and ''Wee Willie Winkie'', containing a total of 41 stories, some quite long. In addition, as ''The Pioneer's'' special correspondent in western region of Rajputana, he wrote many sketches that were later collected in ''Letters of Marque'' and published in ''From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel''.

Kipling was discharged from ''The Pioneer'' in early 1889, after a dispute. By this time he had been increasingly thinking about the future. He sold the rights to his six volumes of stories for £200 and a small royalty, and the ''Plain Tales'' for £50; in addition, from ''The Pioneer'', he received six-months' salary in lieu of notice. He decided to use this money to make his way to London, the centre of the literary universe in the British Empire. On 9 March 1889, Kipling left India, travelling first to San Francisco via Rangoon, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. He then travelled through the United States, writing articles for ''The Pioneer'' that were later published in ''From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel''. Starting his American travels in San Francisco, Kipling journeyed north to Portland, Oregon; to Seattle, Washington; up into Canada, to Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia; back into the U.S. to Yellowstone National Park; down to Salt Lake City; then east to Omaha, Nebraska, and on to Chicago, Illinois; then to Beaver, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family; from there he went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls, Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York and Boston. In the course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York, and was deeply impressed. He then crossed the Atlantic, and reached Liverpool in October 1889. He soon made his début in the London literary world to great acclaim.

Career as a writer

London

In London Kipling had several stories accepted by various magazine editors. He also found a place to live for the next two years:

Meantime, I had found me quarters in Villiers Street, Strand, which forty-six years ago was primitive and passionate in its habits and population. My rooms were small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my desk I could look out of my window through the fanlight of Gatti’s Music-Hall entrance, across the street, almost on to its stage. The Charing Cross trains rumbled through my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, before my windows, Father Thames under the Shot Tower walked up and down with his traffic.

In the next two years he published a novel, ''The Light that Failed'', had a nervous breakdown, and met an American writer and publishing agent, Wolcott Balestier, with whom he collaborated on a novel, ''The Naulahka'' (a title which he uncharacteristically misspelt; see below). In 1891, on the advice of his doctors, Kipling embarked on another sea voyage visiting South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and once again India. However, he cut short his plans for spending Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Balestier's sudden death from typhoid fever, and immediately decided to return to London. Before his return, he had used the telegram to propose to and be accepted by Wolcott's sister Caroline Starr Balestier (1862-1939), called “Carrie”, whom he had met a year earlier, and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance. Meanwhile, late in 1891, his collection of short stories of the British in India, ''Life's Handicap'', was published in London. On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (aged 26) were married in London, in the "thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones." The wedding was held at All Souls Church, Langham Place. Henry James gave the bride away.

United States

The couple settled upon a honeymoon that would take them first to the United States (including a stop at the Balestier family estate near Brattleboro, Vermont) and then on to Japan. However, when they arrived in Yokohama, Japan, they discovered that their bank, The New Oriental Banking Corporation, had failed. Taking their loss in stride, they returned to the U.S., back to Vermont—Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child—and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for ten dollars a month. According to Kipling, "We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the hire-purchase system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight-inch [20 cm] tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of the winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content."

In this house, which they called ''Bliss Cottage'', their first child, Josephine, was born "in three foot of snow on the night of 29 December 1892. Her Mother’s birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things ..."

It was also in this cottage that the first dawnings of the ''Jungle Books'' came to Kipling: " . . workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of ’92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood’s magazine, and a phrase in Haggard’s ''Nada the Lily'', combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals, which later grew into the two ''Jungle Books ''". With Josephine's arrival, ''Bliss Cottage'' was felt to be congested, so eventually the couple bought land— on a rocky hillside overlooking the Connecticut River—from Carrie's brother Beatty Balestier, and built their own house.

Kipling named the house "Naulakha" in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration, and this time the name was spelled correctly. From his early years in Lahore (1882–87), Kipling had become enthused by the Mughal architecture, especially the Naulakha pavilion situated in Lahore Fort, which eventually became an inspiration for the title of his novel as well as the house. The house still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (5 km) north of Brattleboro in Dummerston, Vermont: a big, secluded, dark-green house, with shingled roof and sides, which Kipling called his "ship", and which brought him "sunshine and a mind at ease." His seclusion in Vermont, combined with his healthy "sane clean life", made Kipling both inventive and prolific.

In the short span of four years, he produced, in addition to the ''Jungle Books'', a collection of short stories (''The Day's Work''), a novel (''Captains Courageous''), and a profusion of poetry, including the volume ''The Seven Seas''. The collection of ''Barrack-Room Ballads'', first published individually for the most part in 1890, which contains his poems "Mandalay" and "Gunga Din" was issued in March 1892. He especially enjoyed writing the Jungle Books—both masterpieces of imaginative writing—and enjoyed, too, corresponding with the many children who wrote to him about them.

The writing life in ''Naulakha'' was occasionally interrupted by visitors, including his father, who visited soon after his retirement in 1893, and British author Arthur Conan Doyle, who brought his golf-clubs, stayed for two days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson. Kipling seemed to take to golf, occasionally practising with the local Congregational minister, and even playing with red-painted balls when the ground was covered in snow. However, wintertime golf was "not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid two miles (3 km) down the long slope to Connecticut river."

From all accounts, Kipling loved the outdoors, not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves each fall. He described this moment in a letter: "A little maple began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and the oaks, who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods."

In February 1896 Elsie Kipling, the couple's second daughter, was born. By this time, according to several biographers, their marital relationship was no longer light-hearted and spontaneous. Although they would always remain loyal to each other, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles. In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time, the 30 year old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage principally taught "the tougher virtues—such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought."

The Kiplings loved life in Vermont and might have lived out their lives there, were it not for two incidents—one of global politics, the other of family discord—that hastily ended their time there. By the early 1890s the United Kingdom and Venezuela were in a border dispute involving British Guiana. The U.S. had made several offers to arbitrate, but in 1895 the new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American "right" to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent (see the Olney interpretation as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine). This raised hackles in the UK and the situation grew into a major Anglo-American crisis, with talk of war on both sides.

Although the crisis led to greater U.S.-British cooperation, at the time Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti-British sentiment in the U.S., especially in the press. He wrote in a letter that it felt like being "aimed at with a decanter across a friendly dinner table." By January 1896 he had decided to end his family's "good wholesome life" in the U.S. and seek their fortunes elsewhere.

A family dispute became the final straw. For some time, relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained owing to his drinking and insolvency. In May 1896 an inebriated Beatty encountered Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm. The incident led to Beatty's eventual arrest, but in the subsequent hearing, and the resulting publicity, Kipling's privacy was destroyed, and he was left feeling miserable and exhausted. In July 1896, a week before the hearing was to resume, the Kiplings hurriedly packed their belongings and left the United States.

Devon

By September 1896 the Kiplings were in Torquay on the coast of Devon, in a hillside home overlooking the sea. Although Kipling did not much care for his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active. Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous two or three years, had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, John, in August 1896. Kiplings had begun work on two poems, "Recessional" (1897) and "The White Man's Burden" (1899) which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (that captured the mood of the Victorian age), the poems equally were regarded by others as propaganda for brazenfaced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire.

Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. —''The White Man's Burden''

There was also foreboding in the poems, a sense that all could yet come to naught.

Far-called, our navies melt away; On dune and headland sinks the fire: Lo, all our pomp of yesterday Is one with Nineveh and Tyre! Judge of the Nations, spare us yet. Lest we forget – lest we forget! —''Recessional''

A prolific writer during his time in Torquay, he also wrote ''Stalky & Co.'', a collection of school stories (born of his experience at the United Services College in Westward Ho!) whose juvenile protagonists displayed a know-it-all, cynical outlook on patriotism and authority. According to his family, Kipling enjoyed reading aloud stories from ''Stalky & Co.'' to them, and often went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes.

South Africa

In early 1898 the Kiplings travelled to South Africa for their winter holiday, thus beginning an annual tradition which (excepting the following year) was to last until 1908. They always stayed in "The Woolsack", a house on Cecil Rhodes' estate at Groote Schuur; it was within walking distance of Rhodes' mansion. With his new reputation as ''Poet of the Empire'', Kipling was warmly received by some of the most influential politicians of the Cape Colony, including Rhodes, Sir Alfred Milner, and Leander Starr Jameson. Kipling cultivated their friendship and came to admire the men and their politics. The period 1898–1910 was crucial in the history of South Africa and included the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the ensuing peace treaty, and the 1910 formation of the Union of South Africa. Back in England, Kipling wrote poetry in support of the British cause in the Boer War and on his next visit to South Africa in early 1900, he helped start a newspaper, ''The Friend'', for Lord Roberts for the British troops in Bloemfontein, the newly-captured capital of the Orange Free State. Although his journalistic stint was to last only two weeks, it was Kipling's first work on a newspaper staff since he left ''The Pioneer'' in Allahabad more than ten years earlier. At ''The Friend'' he made lifelong friendships with Perceval Landon, H. A. Gwynne and others. He also wrote articles published more widely expressing his views on the conflict. Kipling penned an inscription for the Honoured Dead Memorial (Siege memorial) in Kimberley.

Sussex

In 1902 Kipling bought Batemans, a house built in 1634 and located in rural Burwash, East Sussex, England. The house, along with the surrounding buildings, the mill and was purchased for £9,300. It had no bathroom, no running water upstairs and no electricity, but Kipling loved it: "Behold us, lawful owners of a grey stone lichened house—A.D. 1634 over the door—beamed, panelled, with old oak staircase, and all untouched and unfaked. It is a good and peaceable place. We have loved it ever since our first sight of it." (from a November 1902 letter).

Other writing

Kipling began collecting material for another of his children's classics, ''Just So Stories for Little Children.'' That work was published in 1902, the year after ''Kim'' was first issued.

On a visit to the United States in 1899, Kipling and Josephine developed pneumonia, from which she eventually died. During the First World War, he wrote a booklet ''The Fringes of the Fleet'' containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the war. Some of the poems were set to music by English composer Edward Elgar.

Kipling wrote two science fiction short stories, ''With the Night Mail'' (1905) and ''As Easy As A. B. C'' (1912), both set in the 21st century in Kipling's Aerial Board of Control universe. These read like modern hard science fiction.

In 1934 he published a short story in Strand Magazine, "Proofs of Holy Writ", which postulated that William Shakespeare had helped to polish the prose of the King James Bible. In the non-fiction realm he also became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power, publishing a series of articles in 1898 which were collected as ''A Fleet in Being.''

Peak of his career

The first decade of the 20th century saw Kipling at the height of his popularity. In 1906 he wrote the song ''"Land of our Birth, We Pledge to Thee"''. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The prize citation said: "In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterise the creations of this world-famous author." Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English-language recipient. At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Carl David af Wirsén, praised both Kipling and three centuries of English literature:

The Swedish Academy, in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this year to Rudyard Kipling, desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England, so rich in manifold glories, and to the greatest genius in the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times.

"Book-ending" this achievement was the publication of two connected poetry and story collections: ''Puck of Pook's Hill'' (1906), and ''Rewards and Fairies'' (1910). The latter contained the poem "If—". In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted the UK's favourite poem. This exhortation to self-control and stoicism is arguably Kipling's most famous poem.

Kipling sympathised with the anti-Home Rule stance of Irish Unionists. He was friends with Edward Carson, the Dublin-born leader of Ulster Unionism, who raised the Ulster Volunteers to oppose "Home Rule" in Ireland. Kipling wrote the poem "Ulster" in 1912 reflecting this. Kipling was a staunch opponent of Bolshevism, a position which he shared with his friend Henry Rider Haggard. The two had bonded upon Kipling's arrival in London in 1889 largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and they remained lifelong friends.

Many have wondered why he was never made Poet Laureate. Some claim that he was offered the post during the interregnum of 1892–96 and turned it down.

At the beginning of World War I, like many other writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets which enthusiastically supported the UK's war aims.

Freemasonry

According to the English magazine ''Masonic Illustrated,'' Kipling became a Freemason in about 1885, prior to the usual minimum age of 21. He was initiated into Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782 in Lahore. He later wrote to ''The Times'', "I was Secretary for some years of the Lodge . . . , which included Brethren of at least four creeds. I was entered [as an Apprentice] by a member from Brahmo Somaj, a Hindu, passed [to the degree of Fellow Craft] by a Mohammedan, and raised [to the degree of Master Mason] by an Englishman. Our Tyler was an Indian Jew." Kipling so loved his masonic experience that he memorialised its ideals in his famous poem, "The Mother Lodge".

Effects of the First World War

Kipling's son John was killed in 1915 at the Battle of Loos. Until 1992, John's burial place was unknown, but then the Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported that it had located his final resting place, but there was controversy over whether this identification was correct and if the officer buried there was John. However, in 2002 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission confirmed that the grave is that of Lieutenant John Kipling. After his son's death, Kipling wrote, "If any question why we died/ Tell them, because our fathers lied." It is speculated that these words may reveal his feelings of guilt at his role in getting John a commission in the Irish Guards, despite John's initially having been rejected by the army because of poor eyesight, and his having exerted great influence to have his son accepted for officer training at the age of 17. John's death has been linked to Kipling's 1916 poem "My Boy Jack", notably in the play ''My Boy Jack'' and its subsequent television adaptation, along with the documentary ''Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale''. However, the poem was originally published at the head of a story about the Battle of Jutland and appears to refer to a death at sea; the 'Jack' referred to is probably a generic 'Jack Tar'.

Partly in response to John's death, Kipling joined Sir Fabian Ware's Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the group responsible for the garden-like British war graves that can be found to this day dotted along the former Western Front and all the other locations around the world where troops of the British Empire lie buried. His most significant contribution to the project was his selection of the biblical phrase "Their Name Liveth For Evermore" (Ecclesiasticus 44.14, KJV) found on the Stones of Remembrance in larger war graves and his suggestion of the phrase "Known unto God" for the gravestones of unidentified servicemen. He chose the inscription "The Glorious Dead" on the Cenotaph, Whitehall, London. He also wrote a two-volume history of the Irish Guards, his son's regiment, that was published in 1923 and is considered to be one of the finest examples of regimental history. Kipling's moving short story, "The Gardener", depicts visits to the war cemeteries, and the poem "The King's Pilgrimage" (1922) depicts a journey which King George V made, touring the cemeteries and memorials under construction by the Imperial War Graves Commission. With the increasing popularity of the automobile, Kipling became a motoring correspondent for the British press, and wrote enthusiastically of his trips around England and abroad, even though he was usually driven by a chauffeur.

Kipling became friends with a French soldier whose life had been saved in the First World War when his copy of ''Kim'', which he had in his left breast pocket, stopped a bullet. The soldier presented Kipling with the book (with bullet still embedded) and his Croix de Guerre as a token of gratitude. They continued to correspond, and when the soldier, Maurice Hammoneau, had a son, Kipling insisted on returning the book and medal.

In 1922 Kipling, who had made reference to the work of engineers in some of his poems and writings, was asked by a University of Toronto civil engineering professor for his assistance in developing a dignified obligation and ceremony for graduating engineering students. Kipling was enthusiastic in his response and shortly produced both, formally entitled "The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer". Today, engineering graduates all across Canada are presented with an iron ring at the ceremony as a reminder of their obligation to society. In 1922 Kipling also became Lord Rector of St Andrews University in Scotland, a three-year position.

Death and legacy

Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with much less success than before. He died of a perforated duodenal ulcer on 18 January 1936, two days before George V, at the age of 70. (His death had in fact previously been incorrectly announced in a magazine, to which he wrote, "I've just read that I am dead. Don't forget to delete me from your list of subscribers.")

Rudyard Kipling was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were buried in Poets' Corner, part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey, where many distinguished literary people are buried or commemorated.

In 2010 the International Astronomical Union approved that a crater on the planet Mercury would be named after Kipling – one of ten newly discovered impact craters observed by the MESSENGER spacecraft in 2008-9.

Posthumous reputation

Various writers, most notably Edmund Candler, were strongly influenced by Kipling's writing. T. S. Eliot, a very different poet, edited ''A Choice of Kipling's Verse'' (1943), although in doing so he commented that "[Kipling] could write great poetry on occasions—even if only by accident." Kipling's stories for adults also remain in print and have garnered high praise from writers as different as Poul Anderson, Jorge Luis Borges, and George Orwell. His children's stories remain popular; and his ''Jungle Books'' have been made into several movies. The first was made by producer Alexander Korda, and other films have been produced by the Walt Disney Company. A number of his poems were set to music by Percy Grainger. A series of short films based on some of his stories was broadcast by the BBC in 1964. Kipling's work is still popular today.

Kipling is often quoted in discussions of contemporary political and social issues. Political singer-songwriter Billy Bragg, who attempts to reclaim English nationalism from the right-wing, has reclaimed Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness. Kipling's enduring relevance has been noted in the United States as it has become involved in Afghanistan and other areas about which he wrote.

Links with Scouting

Kipling's links with the Scouting movements were strong. Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, used many themes from ''The Jungle Book'' stories and ''Kim'' in setting up his junior movement, the Wolf Cubs. These connections still exist today. The movement is named after Mowgli's adopted wolf family, and the adult helpers of Wolf Cub Packs adopt names taken from ''The Jungle Book'', especially the adult leader who is called ''Akela'' after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack.

Kipling's home at Burwash

After the death of Kipling's wife in 1939, his house, "Bateman's" in Burwash, East Sussex was bequeathed to the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty and is now a public museum dedicated to the author. Elsie, his only child who lived to maturity, died childless in 1976, and bequeathed her copyrights to the National Trust. There is a thriving ''Kipling Society'' in the United Kingdom and also one in Australia.

Novelist and poet Sir Kingsley Amis wrote a poem, 'Kipling at Bateman's', after visiting Kipling's Burwash home (Amis' father had lived in Burwash briefly in the 1960s). Amis and a BBC television crew went to make a short film in a series of films about writers and their houses. According to Zachary Leader's 'The Life of Kingsley Amis':

'Bateman's made a strong negative impression on the whole crew, and Amis decided that he would dislike spending even twenty-four hours there. The visit is recounted in ''Rudyard Kipling and his World'' (1975), a short study of Kipling's Life and Writings. Amis's view of Kipling's career is like his view of Chesterton's: the writing that mattered was early, in Kipling's case from the period 1885–1902. After 1902, the year of the move to Bateman's, not only did the work decline but Kipling found himself increasingly at odds with the world, changes Amis attributes in part to the depressing atmosphere of the house.

Reputation in India

In modern-day India, whence he drew much of his material, Kipling's reputation remains controversial, especially amongst modern nationalists and some post-colonial critics. Other contemporary Indian intellectuals such as Ashis Nandy have taken a more nuanced view of his work. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India, always described Kipling's novel ''Kim'' as his favourite book.

G V Desani, a canonical Indian writer of fiction, had a condescending opinion of Kipling. He alluded to Kipling in his novel, All About H. Hatterr, thus:

''I happen to pick up R. Kipling's autobiographical "Kim." ''

''Therein, this self-appointed whiteman's burden-bearing sherpa feller's stated how, in the Orient, blokes hit the road and think nothing of walking a thousand miles in search of something.''

Well-known Indian historian and writer Khushwant Singh wrote in 2001 that he considers Kipling's If— "the essence of the message of The Gita in English". The text Singh refers to is the Bhagavad Gita, an ancient Indian scripture.

In November 2007 it was announced that Kipling's birth home in the campus of the J J School of Art in Mumbai would be turned into a museum celebrating the author and his works.

Swastika in old editions

Many older editions of Rudyard Kipling's books have a swastika printed on their covers associated with a picture of an elephant carrying a lotus flower. Since the 1930s this has raised the possibility of Kipling being mistaken for a Nazi-sympathiser, though the Nazi party did not adopt the swastika until 1920. Kipling's use of the swastika was based on the Indian sun symbol conferring good luck and well-being; the word derived from the Sanskrit word ''svastika'' meaning "auspicious object". He used the swastika symbol in both right- and left-facing orientations, and it was in general use at the time. Even before the Nazis came to power, Kipling ordered the engraver to remove it from the printing block so that he should not be thought of as supporting them. Less than one year before his death Kipling gave a speech (titled "An Undefended Island") to The Royal Society of St George on 6 May 1935 warning of the danger which Nazi Germany posed to the UK.

Bibliography

''The Story of the Gadsbys'' (1888)

''Plain Tales from the Hills'' (1888)

''The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales'' (1888)

''The Light that Failed'' (1890)

''Mandalay'' (1890) (poetry)

''Gunga Din'' (1890) (poetry)

''Many Inventions'' (1893) (short stories)

''The Jungle Book'' (1894) (short stories)

''The Second Jungle Book'' (1895) (short stories)

''If—'' (1895) (poetry)

''The Seven Seas'' (1896)

''Captains Courageous'' (1897)

''Recessional'' (1897)

''The Day's Work'' (1898)

''Stalky & Co.'' (1899)

''The White Man's Burden'' (1899)

''Kim'' (1901)

''Just So Stories'' (1902)

''Puck of Pook's Hill'' (1906)

''Rewards and Fairies'' (1910)

''Life's Handicap'' (1915) (short stories)

''The Gods of the Copybook Headings'' (1919)

''A Book Of Words'' (1928)

''Limits and Renewals (1932)''

Biography and criticism

Allen, Charles (2007) ''Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling'', Abacus, 2007. ISBN 978-0-349-11685-3

David, C. (2007). ''Rudyard Kipling: a critical study'', New Delhi, Anmol, 2007. ISBN 81-261-3101-2

Gilbert, Elliot L. ed., (1965) ''Kipling and the Critics'' (New York: New York University Press)

Gilmour, David. (2003) ''The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0374528969

Green, Roger Lancelyn, ed., (1971) ''Kipling: the Critical Heritage'' (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).

Gross, John, ed. (1972) ''Rudyard Kipling: the Man, his Work and his World'' (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson)

Kemp, Sandra. (1988) ''Kipling's Hidden Narratives'' Oxford: Blackwell* Lycett, Andrew (1999). ''Rudyard Kipling''. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81907-0

Lycett, Andrew (ed.) (2010). ''Kipling Abroad'', I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-072-9

Ricketts, Harry. (2001) ''Rudyard Kipling: A Life'' New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0786708301

Rooney, Caroline, and Kaori Nagai, eds. ''Kipling and Beyond: Patriotism, Globalisation, and Postcolonialism'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 214 pages; scholarly essays on Kipling's "boy heroes of empire," Kipling and C.L.R. James, and Kipling and the new American empire, etc.

Rutherford, Andrew, ed. (1964) ''Kipling's Mind and Art'' (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd)

Shippey, Tom, "Rudyard Kipling," in: ''Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin'', ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 21–23.

Tompkins, J. M. S. (1959) ''The Art of Rudyard Kipling'' (London : Methuen) online edition

Wilson, Angus ''The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Works'' New York: The Viking Press, 1978. ISBN 0-670-67701-9

See also

The Mother Hive

List of Nobel laureates in Literature

References

External links

Works

The Works of Rudyard Kipling at The University of Adelaide

, HTML online, text download.

Works by Rudyard Kipling at Archive.org, scanned books viewable online or PDF download.

KIM free mp3 recording from LibriVox.org.

450 Poems by Rudyard Kipling HTML format, indexed

Works by Rudyard Kipling, HTML online.

Works by Rudyard Kipling (not public domain in USA, so not available on Wikisource)

Many works by Rudyard Kipling available at ReadmeFree

Resources

Kipling reads 7 lines from his poem ''France'' (audio).

''Something of Myself'', Kipling's autobiography

The Kipling Society website

, by John Palmer, 1915 biography

The Rudyard Kipling Collection maintained by Marlboro College.

Rudyard Kipling: The Books I Leave Behind exhibition, related podcast, and digital images maintained by the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University

''Rudyard Kipling at Naulakha'', by Charles Warren Stoddard, ''National Magazine'', June 1905, with photos

''The Works Of Rudyard Kipling One Volume Edition '', ''PDFbooks'', PDF version and mobile PDF version

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